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[|KCKPS] Alvarez-Science **Alex Shaw WHS Scientist’s Notebook**


 * TITLE OF LESSON**

What do you have to investigate or figure out in this lesson that is related to the big idea? What will be the main question that will guide your learning? //What…, How…, Does… are good beginnings//
 * FOCUS QUESTION* (Big Idea)**

**I**        Grasshopper Pre-lab Worksheet  The following worksheet must be successfully completed before you start the actual dissection of the grasshopper.  **Introduction**  1. What % of all animal species are insects? **83%**   2. Name the phylum for grasshoppers: **Arthropoda**  3. Name seven common characteristics of all arthropods:  **i. Bilateral symmetry**  **ii. Behaviors**  **iii. Nervous system**  **iv. Digestive system** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **v. Segmented body** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **vi. Hard exoskeleton** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **vii. Jointed legs** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 4. What is the scientific name of the grasshopper we are dissecting? **Romalea microptera** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **External Anatomy** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 5. Name 4 functions of the exoskeleton <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **i. Supports the animal’s body** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **ii. Protects the animal’s body** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **iii. Excretion** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **iv. Sensing** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 6. What’s the major disadvantage of an exoskeleton? **Limits the size.** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 7. What is the major component of the exoskeleton? ** Protection ** 8. Name the three distinct body regions: **1. Head** **2. Thorax** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **3. Abdomen** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 9. Identify these external features and describe their function/location: <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **a. Compound Eye: Detects movement/Front of the head ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **b. Ocelli: Detects light intensity/Front of the head ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **c. Antenna: For sensory/On the head ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **d. Labrum: Used to hold food when eating/Upper lip of grasshopper ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **e. Maxilla: Used as mouthpart/Upper part of the jaw ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **f. Mandible: Holds lower teeth and helps eat food/Mouthpart ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **g. Palpi: Feelers/Both sides of mouth and lower lip ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **h. Tympanum: To hear/Side of body ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **i. Femur: Helps jump/Stout segment of hid-legs ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **j. Tibia: Helps jump/long, slender segment of leg ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **k. Tarsus: Helps walk/Segmented foot (3 segmented in grasshopper ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **l. Spiracles: Used for respiration/2 on thorax and 8 on abdomen **  <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **m.** **Ovipositor: For digging and egg laying/ Female abdomen **   <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">   <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Internal Features** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 10. Identify these internal features and describe their location, appearance and function: <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **a. Brain __________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **b. Ventral nerve cord ________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **c. Mouth __________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **d. Esophagus: By the brain. “Throat”/Used to swallow food ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **e. Crop __________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **f. Stomach __________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **g. Gastric Ceca __________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **h. Intestine __________________________________________________** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **i. Rectum: By the anus/Small/Stores waste ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **j. Anus: By the rectum/Small/Removes waste from body ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **k. Malpighian Tubules: By the stomach /Small and oval shaped/collects waste from blood ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **The Head** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 11. How many segments is the head actually made up from? **3**  <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 12. Food is manipulated by what “tongue-like” organ? **Hypopharyx** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 13. What are the types of eyes? **Compound eyes and simple eyes** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 14. What antenna are sensory structures for which two senses? **Seeing and hearing** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **The Thorax** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 15. How many segments is the thorax made from? **3**  <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 16. How many joints/segments does each leg have? **3**  <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 17. What structure is used by the male to produce mating calls? ___________________________ <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **The Abdomen** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 18. How many segments is the abdomen made from? **1**  <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 19. What is the female egg laying structure called? **Ovipositor** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Respiratory System** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 20. What is the respiratory system of the grasshopper called? **Spiracles** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 21. What is the series of tubes used to distribute the air called? **Tracheae** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 22. The Tracheal System begins w/ **the brronchi** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 23. Can Grasshoppers pump air into the spiracles? **No** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-right: -.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Digestive System** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 24. Food is chewed up into smaller pieces and then moistened by _________________________ <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 25. What muscular organ manipulates the food for swallowing? **Hypopharyx** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 26. Describe the path of food thru the digestive system: <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **a. Mouth, crop, gizzard, gastric ceca, stomach, ** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **intestine, rectum** **and anus. The gastric secrete** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **digestive enzymes into the stomach.** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Circulatory System** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 27. What type of circulatory system does the grasshopper have? **An open one.** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Excretory System** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 28. What organs are used to remove nitrogenous wastes (urea)? ______________________ <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Nervous System** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 29. How many ganglions does the grasshopper brain have? ________________ <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 30. Does it have a dorsal or ventral nerve cord? ___________________________ <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> **Reproductive System** <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> 31. How do you tell the difference between the sexes? <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> ____________________________________________________________________________ <span style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: -.25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> ____________________________________________________________________________